Back to the articles list | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Comparison of three types of exercise methods on some factors of sarcopenia and inflammation in elderly women
Mahmoud Soltani1 , Hasan Saniyan1 , Elham Sokhtanlou1
1- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ma.C., Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract:   (1245 Views)
Background: Sarcopenia and systemic chronic inflammation are hallmark features of biological aging, contributing significantly to functional decline in geriatric populations. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of eight-week endurance, resistance, and concurrent (Combined) training protocols on key biomarkers of sarcopenia (C-terminal agrin fragment, CAF) and inflammatory profiles (Cortisol and interleukin-6, IL-6) in elderly women.
Methods: Forty-eight elderly female volunteers (Mean Age: 65.24 ± 3.14 years; Weight: 82.76 ± 5.89 kg; Height: 162.06 ± 4.40 cm; BMI: 31.45 ± 3.21 kg/m²) were recruited and randomly allocated into four homogeneous groups (n = 12 per group): Endurance Training, Resistance Training, Concurrent Training, and Control. The experimental groups participated in their respective exercise regimens for eight weeks (Three sessions per week). To measure serum variables (Cortisol, CAF, and IL-6), fasting blood samples were collected 48 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the final training session. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Results: Post-intervention analysis demonstrated significant reductions in serum cortisol (P = 0.001), CAF (P = 0.001), and IL-6 (P = 0.001) in all training groups compared to baseline. Significant differences were observed between the exercise groups and the control group, particularly for cortisol levels (P = 0.001); however, intergroup comparisons among the three exercise modalities showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that, regardless of modality, an eight-week exercise intervention effectively reduces biomarkers associated with neuromuscular junction degradation and systemic inflammation in elderly women. Therefore, these training strategies may be recommended as viable non-pharmacological approaches to counteract sarcopenic progression and age-related metabolic dysfunction.
Keywords: Cortisol, Interleukin-6, Training, Aging, C-terminal agrin fragment
Full-Text [PDF 421 kb]   (434 Downloads) |   |   Full-Text (HTML)  (120 Views)  
Research Article: Research Article | Subject: Sport Physiology
Received: 2023/06/16 | Accepted: 2023/09/12
References
1. Lu L, Mao L, Feng Y, Ainsworth BE, Liu Y, Chen N. Effects of different exercise training modes on muscle strength and physical performance in older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):708. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
2. Bao W, Sun Y, Zhang T, Zou L, Wu X, Wang D, et al. Exercise programs for muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Dis. 2020;11(4):863-73. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
3. Liu Y, Qiu J, Yi L, Zhou C. Effect of resistance training on interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in middle-age and elderly people: a Meta-analysis. CJTER. 2022;26(5):804-12. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
4. Moreira-Pais A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Duarte JA. A neuromuscular perspective of sarcopenia pathogenesis: deciphering the signaling pathways involved. GeroScience, 2022;44(3):1199-213. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
5. Sirago G, Pellegrino MA, Bottinelli R, Franchi MV, Narici MV. Loss of neuromuscular junction integrity and muscle atrophy in skeletal muscle disuse. Ageing Res Rev. 2023:83:101810. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
6. Monti E, Reggiani C, Franchi MV, Toniolo L, Sandri M, Armani A,et al. Neuromuscular junction instability and altered intracellular calcium handling as early determinants of force loss during unloading in humans. J Physiol. 2021;599(12):3037-61. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
7. Kwak JY, Kwon KS. Pharmacological interventions for treatment of sarcopenia: current status of drug development for sarcopenia. Ann Geriatr Med Res. 2019;23(3):98–104. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
8. Shirvani H, Sobhani V. The effect of a period of selected aerobic training on the response of thyroid and cortisol hormones to exhaustive exercise in women. Journal of Military Medicine. 2016;18(3):253- 61. (In persian) [View at Publisher] [Google Scholar]
9. Topolyanskaya SV. Interleukin 6 in aging and age-related diseases. The Clinician. 2021;14(4):10-7. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
10. Kapur S, Gauri LA, Singh U, Liyakat N, Khan A, Fatima Q. Association of CRP Haplotypes in Rheumatoid Arthritis and their Correlation with Severity of the Disease. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022;70(1):11-12. [View at Publisher] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
11. Sohaili Sh, Yadgari Hemtabadi A, Shakri N. The effect of endurance and resistance training on interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in overweight young women. Jornal of Sport Biosciences. 2016;8(2):276-63. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
12. Peygambarzadeh M, Askari R, Damavandi M. Effect of 12 Weeks of Speed-Resistance Exercises with Walking on Serum P3NP, CAF, and Physical Performance of Elderly Men. Research in Medicine. 2020;44(3):512-20.(In persian) [View at Publisher] [Google Scholar]
13. Delshad A, Talashan F, Bahramifar M. A Comparison of the Effects of Two Methods of Aerobic and Combined Exercises on the Changes of Angiogenesis Factor TGF-β1 and Cortisol Hormone in Healthy Elderly Men. Yafte. 2020;21(4):32-43.(In persian) [View at Publisher] [Google Scholar]
14. Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Dos Santos MG, Martins JB, Lhullier FLR, Pinto RS, et al. Hormonal responses to concurrent strength and endurance training with different exercise orders. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(12):3281-8. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
15. Kargaran A, Abedinpour A, Saadatmehr Z, Yaali R, Amani-Shalamzari S, Gahreman D. Effects of dual-task training with blood flow restriction on cognitive functions, muscle quality, and circulatory biomarkers in elderly women. Physiol Behav. 2021:239:113500. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
16. Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Beyer KS, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Scanlon TC, et al. Biomarkers of muscle quality: N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and C-terminal agrin fragment responses to resistance exercise training in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5(2):139-48. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
17. Banitalebi M, Faramarzi M, Mardaniyan Ghahfarokhi M, SavariNikoo N, Soltani A, Bahramzadeh A. Osteosarcopenic obesity markers following elastic band resistance training: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol. 2020:135:110884. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
18. Bondoc I, Cochrane SK, Church TS, Dahinden P, Hettwer S, Hsu F-C, et al. Effects of a one-year physical activity program on serum C-terminal Agrin Fragment (CAF) concentrations among mobility-limited older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(9):922-7. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
19. Sharifi Moghadam A, Askari R, Hamedinia MR. The Effect of Resistance Training with and without Blood Flow Restriction on Serum Concentration of CAF, P3NP and Muscular Function in Elderly Women. JSB. 2018;10(3):359-75. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
20. Li H, Sharma LK, Li Y, Hu P, Idowu A, Liu D, et al. Comparative bioenergetic study of neuronal and muscle mitochondriaduring aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013:63:30-40. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
21. Cannon JG, Pierre BAS. Cytokines in exertion-induced skeletal muscle injury. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998;179(1-2):159-67. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
22. Helge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B, Richter EA. The effect of graded exercise on IL‐6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2003; 546(1):299-305. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
23. Thompson D, Walhin J-P, Batterham AM, Stokes KA, Cooper AR, Andrews RC. Effect of diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care on inflammatory markers in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTivity in Diabetes (ACTID) randomized, controlled trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(3):000828. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
24. Ogawa K, Sanada K, Machida S, Okutsu M, Suzuki K. Resistance exercise training-induced muscle hypertrophy was associated with reduction of inflammatory markers in elderly women. Mediators Inflamm. 2010:2010:171023. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
25. Bruunsgaard H, Galbo H, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Johansen TL, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK. "Exercise-induced increase in serum interleukin-6 in humans is related to muscle damage". J Physiol. 1997;499(3):833-41. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
26. Pedersen BK, Fischer CP. Beneficial health effects of exercise-the role of IL-6 as a myokine. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(4):152-6. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
27. Spangenburg EE, Brown DA, Johnson MS, Moore RL. Exercise increases SOCS‐3 expression in rat skeletal muscle: potential relationship to IL‐6 expression. J Physiol. 2006;572(Pt 3):839-48. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
28. Bagheri L, Faramarzi M, Banitalebi E, Mardanpour Shahrekordi Z. A comparison of the effects of three types of combined training on testosterone and cortisol concentration and muscular strength in elderly women. JSB. 2016;8(1):123-41. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.