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Showing 24 results for Research Article: Review Article
The potential of mononuclear cells as a predictive marker for the level of stem cells in autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: A Review Article
Darshana Kottahachchi, Tharushika Deshani Hewapathirana, Thisali Chandula Perera, Shashikala Suresh,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (3-2024)
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm that is characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is considered the second most common hematological malignancy which accounts for approximately 1% - 2% of all cancers and among 10% of hematological malignancies. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell Transplantation (PBSCT) is the best treatment for MM. Since the optimum harvested stem cell yield is a crucial factor for sufficient engraftment, the enumeration of Mononuclear cell (MNC) count in peripheral blood and harvested CD 34+ stem cell count can be considered as the best predictive markers for the best timing of apheresis which positively correlates with engraftment outcome of PBSCT.
MNC count can be obtained using either a hematological analyzer or peripheral blood smear while flow cytometry is the advanced technology that can be used to enumerate CD 34+ stem cell count other than peripheral blood smear. The unavailability of a flow cytometer, the expensiveness of this method, and the lack of trained personnel regarding this new technology, especially in lower-middle-income countries cause disturbance in the enumeration of stem cells. In such a situation, this review describes the importance of establishing an association between peripheral blood MNCs and harvested CD 34+ cells. Furthermore, this association facilitates conducting effective PBSCT for MM patients even in the absence of a flow cytometer and eventually, it focuses on decentralizing the treatment of PBSCT.
An overview of the production of AmpC and Metallo-β-Lactamase enzymes in Escherichia coli
Kirandeep Kaur,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (5-2024)
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, responsible for 90% of all community-acquired infections and 50% of hospital-acquired infections, with opportunistic infections found in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The β-lactam antibiotics, which inhibit cell wall synthesis, are known for their high efficacy and broad-spectrum activity. They also have low toxicity and provide long-term effects, making them widely used drugs against Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria develop resistance to β-lactams primarily through the expression of hydrolytic enzymes, called β-lactamases, which are divided into serine β-lactamases (Classes A, C, and D) and metallo-β-lactamases (Class B), based on their molecular mechanism. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of β-lactams against Gram-negative bacilli and to emphasize the multidrug resistance of cephalosporins and carbapenems to E. coli.
 
Investigating the roles of cytokines and chemokines in pregnancy-related toxemia
Adedeji Okikiade, Chidinma Kanu , Oluwadamilare Iyapo , Ololade Omitogun ,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (1-2025)
Abstract
Background: Hypertensive disorders, particularly preeclampsia (PE), complicate 2–8% of pregnancies and significantly contribute to maternal and perinatal mortality. PE disproportionately affects low-resource regions, accounting for 26% of maternal deaths in Latin America and 9% in Africa and Asia. Risk factors include extreme maternal age, chronic hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and racial disparities (Higher incidence in Black and Hispanic populations). The exact cause remains unclear, but angiogenic imbalance and immune dysregulation play key roles. This review focuses on the role of cytokines and chemokines in developing preeclampsia (PE).
Methods: A narrative review was conducted to examine studies on the immunological and vascular mechanisms of preeclampsia, with a focus on recent systematic reviews and high-impact research.
Results: The results highlighted a critical imbalance between pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines in PE pathogenesis. Notably, reduced second-trimester IL-10 levels served as an early predictive biomarker. Endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction and Th1/Th2 immune imbalance further exacerbated endothelial dysfunction, a central feature of PE. While human and animal studies support these findings, precise mechanistic pathways remain elusive.
Conclusion: Cytokine and endothelin can serve as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PE. Early IL-10 detection may improve risk prediction, but no causal links have been confirmed yet. Gaining a better understanding of these mediators could improve clinical strategies and help minimize complications. Future longitudinal research should focus on biomarkers and explore anti-inflammatory treatments for PE prevention.
 

Diagnostic value of polarized optical microscopy in pseudogout: A review of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease in the clinical laboratory
Mohammadreza Sheikh Sajjadieh,
Volume 19, Issue 6 (11-2025)
Abstract
Background: Pseudogout, also known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease, is a common but often underdiagnosed crystal-induced arthropathy. It occurs when CPPD crystals deposit in articular cartilage and synovial fluid. Because its clinical manifestations often mimic gout or septic arthritis, accurate differentiation is essential for appropriate patient management. Recognition of the unique pathophysiology and crystal morphology of pseudogout is therefore critical for laboratory diagnosis.
Methods: This narrative review summarizes and integrates findings from selected, well-established sources to provide clinical and laboratory perspectives, highlight best practices, and identify areas requiring standardization. The existing evidence regarding the diagnostic application of polarized optical microscopy (POM) in pseudogout was evaluated. Key themes include the principles of POM, optimal specimen collection and handling, techniques for accurate crystal identification, and recommended laboratory workflow practices. Additionally, the review discusses factors that influence diagnostic accuracy, such as technician proficiency and the use of standardized microscopic evaluation protocols.
Results: The findings indicate that polarized light microscopy remains the gold standard for identifying CPPD crystals. Rhomboid-shaped crystals exhibiting weakly positive birefringence are characteristic of pseudogout and allow reliable differentiation from monosodium urate crystals observed in gout. Proper specimen preparation - particularly timely examination of fresh synovial fluid - and adherence to standardized microscopy practices significantly enhance diagnostic yield. In addition, targeted technician training in crystal recognition improves interobserver consistency and reduces misclassification.
Conclusion: Polarized light microscopy is an indispensable tool for the accurate laboratory diagnosis of pseudogout. Increasing awareness of crystal morphology, improving specimen-handling practices, and investing in consistent technician training can substantially enhance diagnostic accuracy. Standardizing the use of POM across clinical laboratories will support earlier detection and improved clinical management of pseudogout.

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